D. E. Alexander, Social Media in Disaster Risk Reduction and Crisis Management, Science and Engineering Ethics, vol.20, issue.3, pp.717-733, 2014.

D. Auferbauer, R. Ganhör, and H. Tellio?lu, Moving Towards Crowd Tasking for Disaster Mitigation, Community Engagement, p.6, 2015.

M. Aupetit and M. Imran, Interactive Monitoring of Critical Situational Information on Social Media, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, pp.673-683, 2017.

F. Benaben, M. Lauras, S. Truptil, and N. Salatge, A Metamodel for Knowledge Management in Crisis Management, HICSS 2016 -49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp.126-135, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01596361

R. A. Cnaan, F. Handy, W. , and M. , Defining Who Is a Volunteer: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol.25, p.364, 1996.

K. Crawford and M. Finn, The limits of crisis data: analytical and ethical challenges of using social and mobile data to understand disasters, GeoJournal, vol.80, issue.4, pp.491-502, 2015.

P. Díaz, I. Aedo, M. Romano, and T. Onorati, Supporting citizens 2.0 in disasters response, 7th International Conference on Methodologies, Technologies and Tools enabling e-Government, vol.13, pp.79-88, 2013.

N. Dufty, Using social media to build community disaster resilience, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, vol.27, issue.1, p.40, 2012.

R. R. Dynes, Organized Behavior in Disaster, 1970.

C. Easton, The digital divide, inclusion and access for disabled people in IT Supported Emergency Response Systems: A UK and EU-based analysis, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, 2014.

M. Eriksson and E. Olsson, Facebook and Twitter in Crisis Communication: A Comparative Study of Crisis Communication Professionals and Citizens, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, vol.24, issue.4, pp.198-208, 2016.

C. Fishwick, Tomnod -the online search party looking for Malaysian Airlines flight MH370, The Guardian, 2014.

A. Flizikowski, T. Kurki, W. Ho?ubowicz, A. Stachowicz, N. Päivinen et al., Social Media in Crisis Management -the iSAR+ Project Survey, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, vol.5, 2014.

T. A. Glass and R. Goolsby, Lifting Elephants: Twitter and Blogging in Global Perspective, Social Computing and Behavioral Modeling, vol.116, pp.1-6, 2001.

R. Grace, S. Halse, W. Aurite, and A. Tapia, Expanding Awareness: Comparing Location, Keyword, and Network Filtering Methods to Collect Hyperlocal Social Media Data, p.10, 2019.

E. A. Heide, Convergence behavior in disasters, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.41, issue.4, pp.463-466, 2003.

I. Helsloot and A. Ruitenberg, Citizen Response to Disasters: a Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, vol.12, issue.3, pp.98-111, 2004.

F. E. Horita, L. Degrossi, L. F. Assis, . De, A. Zipf et al., The use of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and Crowdsourcing in Disaster Management: a Systematic Literature Review, AMCIS 2013 Proceedings, 2013.

, Open Track Proceedings of the 16th ISCRAM Conference -València, 2019.

T. Ludwig, C. Kotthaus, C. Reuter, S. Dongen, P. et al., Situated crowdsourcing during disasters: Managing the tasks of spontaneous volunteers through public displays, Special Issue on Mobile and Situated Crowdsourcing, vol.102, pp.103-121, 2017.

P. Meier, Human Computation for Disaster Response, pp.95-104, 2013.

G. Neubauer, A. Nowak, B. Jager, C. Kloyber, C. Flachberger et al., Environmental Software Systems. Fostering Information Sharing, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, pp.345-356, 2013.

L. Orloff, Managing Spontaneous Community Volunteers in Disasters: a field manual, 2011.

R. W. Perry and M. K. Lindell, Understanding Citizen Response to Disasters with Implications for Terrorism, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, vol.11, issue.2, pp.49-60, 2003.

C. Reuter, O. Heger, and V. Pipek, Combining Real and Virtual Volunteers through Social Media, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, p.11, 2013.

C. Reuter, A. Marx, and V. Pipek, Social Software as an Infrastructure for Crisis Management -a Case Study About Current Practice and Potential Usage, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, p.10, 2011.

C. Rizza and Â. G. Pereira, Building a resilient community through social network: ethical considerations about the 2011 Genoa floods, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, vol.6, 2014.

C. Rizza, Â. G. Pereira, and P. Curvelo, Do-it-Yourself Justice': Considerations of Social Media use in a Crisis Situation: The Case of the 2011 Vancouver Riots, International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (IJISCRAM), vol.6, issue.4, pp.42-59, 2014.

J. Scanlon, I. Helsloot, and J. Groenendaal, Putting It All Together: Integrating Ordinary People Into Emergency Response, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, vol.32, issue.1, pp.43-63, 2014.

L. Shaskolsky, Volunteerism in disaster situations, p.43, 1965.

R. A. Stallings and E. L. Quarantelli, Emergent Citizen Groups and Emergency Management, Public Administration Review, vol.45, p.93, 1985.

J. Sutton, L. Palen, and I. Shklovski, Backchannels on the Front Lines: Emergent Uses of Social Media in the 2007 Southern California Wildfires, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, p.9, 2008.

M. Taylor, G. Wells, G. Howell, R. , and B. , The role of social media as psychological first aid as a support to community resilience building, Australian Journal of Emergency Management, vol.27, issue.1, p.20, 2012.

S. Vieweg, C. Castillo, and M. Imran, Integrating Social Media Communications into the Rapid Assessment of Sudden Onset Disasters, Social Informatics, pp.444-461, 2014.

S. Vieweg, A. L. Hughes, K. Starbird, and L. Palen, Microblogging During Two Natural Hazards Events: What Twitter May Contribute to Situational Awareness, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '10, pp.1079-1088, 2010.

H. Watson and R. L. Finn, Privacy and ethical implications of the use of social media during a volcanic eruption: some initial thoughts, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, vol.5, 2013.

D. E. Wenger, C. E. Faupel, J. , and T. F. , Disaster Beliefs and Emergency Planning. Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, 1985.

J. Whittaker, B. Mclennan, and J. Handmer, A review of informal volunteerism in emergencies and disasters: Definition, opportunities and challenges, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol.13, pp.358-368, 2015.

R. P. Wolensky, Toward a Broader Conceptualization of Volunteerism in Disaster, Journal of Voluntary Action Research, vol.8, issue.3-4, pp.33-42, 1979.

J. Yin, S. Karimi, A. Lampert, M. Cameron, B. Robinson et al., Using social media to enhance emergency situation awareness, IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2015-Janua, pp.4234-4239, 2015.

V. Zettl, C. Kotthaus, T. Ludwig, and S. Skudelny, Embedding Unaffiliated Volunteers in Crisis Management Systems: Deploying and Supporting the Concept of Intermediary Organizations, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management, p.11, 2017.